Journal: Clinical & Translational Immunology

Article Title: Aberrant intra‐epithelial lymphocytes cause enterocyte cell death in refractory celiac disease by CD103 ‐β7‐receptor‐mediated granzyme‐B degranulation which can be restored by etrolizumab

doi: 10.1002/cti2.70099

Figure Lengend Snippet: Granzyme‐B is the key cell death mediator in enterocyte‐induced cell death and is only secreted by aberrant intra‐epithelial T‐lymphocyte (IEL) in the presence of enterocytes. (a) Cytoplasmic localisation of granzyme‐B granules in refractory celiac disease type II (RCDII) cells P2 using immunofluorescence (red, granzyme‐B; blue, DAPI nucleus staining, 100× magnification). (b) Expression of degranulation marker CD107a on RCDII cell lines P1 and P2 in the absence and presence of epithelial Caco2 cells after 4 h of incubation. (c) CD107a expression on aberrant IEL of a duodenal biopsy from a representative RCDII patient with villous atrophy after 4 h of incubation; left panel, isotype‐matched control. (d) Granzyme‐B secretion by RCDII cell lines in the absence and presence of enterocyte cell line Caco2 after 6 h of incubation. (e) RCDII cell lines P1 and P2 induce killing of epithelial Caco2 cells. The control cell line SUDHL4 showed no cytotoxicity against the Caco2 cells. (f) Enterocyte cell death by RCDII cells incubated with increasing concentrations of degranulation blocker hydroxychloroquine sulphate (HCQ). (g) Killing of intestinal Caco2 cells by RCDII cells in the presence of increasing concentrations of the granzyme‐B inhibitor Z‐AAD‐CH2Cl. For cell death assays, cytotoxicity was measured after 16 h of co‐incubation at an effector:target ratio 2:1. Cell experiments were done in triplicate. *** P ≤ 0.001, unpaired t ‐test, results are shown as mean + sem.

Article Snippet: The intestinal epithelial cell line Caco2 was obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) and cultured with DMEM medium (BioWhittaker) containing 10% FBS (GE Healthcare Life Sciences) and 100 IU penicillin/100 μg/mL streptomycin (1% P/S) at 37°C.

Techniques: Immunofluorescence, Staining, Expressing, Marker, Incubation, Control

Journal: Clinical & Translational Immunology

Article Title: Aberrant intra‐epithelial lymphocytes cause enterocyte cell death in refractory celiac disease by CD103 ‐β7‐receptor‐mediated granzyme‐B degranulation which can be restored by etrolizumab

doi: 10.1002/cti2.70099

Figure Lengend Snippet: Aberrant intra‐epithelial T‐lymphocyte (IEL) demonstrate upregulated expression of CD103 and require cell–cell binding to induce enterocyte killing. (a) Refractory celiac disease type II (RCDII) cell‐induced cytotoxicity of Caco2 cells in the presence of a transwell system. Cell death was measured after 16 h of co‐incubation at an effector:target ratio 2:1. (b) Degranulation by RCDII cells in the presence of a transwell system. CD107a expression was measured after 4 h of co‐incubation with Caco2 cells at an effector:target ratio 2:1. (c) NKG2D expression on aberrant IEL of RCDII patients and patients with celiac disease (CD) on gluten‐free diet (GFD), using flow cytometry analysis. Activated CD8+ T cells served as positive control. (d) Representative histograms of NKG2D expression on RCDII cell lines P1 and P2 using flow cytometry; grey shaded peak, isotype‐matched control. (e) Killing of epithelial cells Caco2 by RCDII cell line P1 in the presence of 20 μg/mL NKG2D‐blocking mAb or isotype control mAb. (f) CD103 expression on aberrant IEL of RCDII patients and patients with CD on GFD, using flow cytometry analysis. (g) Follow‐up of CD103 expression on aberrant IEL from a representative RCDII patient, showing persistent villous atrophy after first‐line treatment (cladribine; non‐responding) and complete mucosal recovery after second‐line treatment (autologous stem cell transplantation; responding). t = 0 at diagnosis and start treatment, t = 1 is 3 months after first‐line treatment, t = 2 and t = 3 is 3, respectively, 6 months after stem cell transplantation. (h) Histograms of CD103 expression on RCDII cell lines P1 and P2 using flow cytometry analysis; grey shaded peak, isotype‐matched control. Cell experiments were done in triplicate. * P ≤ 0.05, *** P ≤ 0.001, unpaired t ‐test, results shown as mean + sem.

Article Snippet: The intestinal epithelial cell line Caco2 was obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) and cultured with DMEM medium (BioWhittaker) containing 10% FBS (GE Healthcare Life Sciences) and 100 IU penicillin/100 μg/mL streptomycin (1% P/S) at 37°C.

Techniques: Expressing, Binding Assay, Incubation, Flow Cytometry, Positive Control, Control, Blocking Assay, Transplantation Assay, Biomarker Discovery

Journal: Clinical & Translational Immunology

Article Title: Aberrant intra‐epithelial lymphocytes cause enterocyte cell death in refractory celiac disease by CD103 ‐β7‐receptor‐mediated granzyme‐B degranulation which can be restored by etrolizumab

doi: 10.1002/cti2.70099

Figure Lengend Snippet: Aberrant intra‐epithelial T‐lymphocyte (IEL)‐enterocyte binding via CD103 induces granzyme‐B‐mediated enterocyte cell death. (a) Killing of Caco2 epithelial cells by refractory celiac disease type II (RCDII) cell lines in the presence of 10 μg/mL CD103‐blocking mAb or isotype control. Cell death was measured after 16 h of co‐incubation at an effector:target ratio 2:1. (b) Degranulation by RCDII cell lines, measured by CD107a expression, in the presence of 10 μg/mL CD103‐blocking mAb or the matching isotype control. Degranulation was measured after 4 h of co‐incubation with Caco2 cells at an effector:target ratio 2:1. (c) Secretion of granzyme‐B by RCDII cell lines co‐incubated with Caco2 cells in the presence of 10 μg/mL CD103‐blocking mAb compared to the isotype control. Secretion was measured after 6 h of co‐incubation at an effector:target ratio 2:1. (d) Upper left picture: small intestinal organoids; upper right picture: attachment of RCDII cells to an organoid (blue arrow); lower left picture: RCDII cells induce killing of organoids (red arrows); lower right picture: in the presence of 10 μg/mL CD103‐blocking mAb RCDII–induced organoid cell death is evidently reduced, illustrated by the presence of viable organoids (green arrows). (e) Induction of organoid cell death by RCDII cells P2 in the presence of 10 μg/mL CD103‐blocking antibody or an isotype control, measured by cell count via microscopy. Killing was measured after 24 h of co‐incubation at an effector:target ratio 50:1. Figure , upper pictures 25× magnification, lower pictures 10× magnification, using an Olympus microscope. Cell experiments for Figure performed in duplicate, other cell experiments performed in triplicate. *** P ≤ 0.001, unpaired t ‐test, results shown as mean + sem.

Article Snippet: The intestinal epithelial cell line Caco2 was obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) and cultured with DMEM medium (BioWhittaker) containing 10% FBS (GE Healthcare Life Sciences) and 100 IU penicillin/100 μg/mL streptomycin (1% P/S) at 37°C.

Techniques: Binding Assay, Blocking Assay, Control, Incubation, Expressing, Cell Characterization, Microscopy

Journal: Clinical & Translational Immunology

Article Title: Aberrant intra‐epithelial lymphocytes cause enterocyte cell death in refractory celiac disease by CD103 ‐β7‐receptor‐mediated granzyme‐B degranulation which can be restored by etrolizumab

doi: 10.1002/cti2.70099

Figure Lengend Snippet: Etrolizumab inhibits granzyme‐B secretion and restores enterocyte viability. (a) Histograms of β7 expression on refractory celiac disease type II (RCDII) cell lines P1 and P2; grey shaded peak, isotype‐matched control. (b) Caco2 cell death by RCDII cells in the presence of 50 μg/mL etrolizumab or isotype control. Cell death was determined after 16 h of co‐incubation at an effector:target ratio 2:1. (c) Degranulation by RCDII cell lines in the presence of 50 μg/mL etrolizumab or the matching isotype control. Degranulation was measured after 4 h of co‐incubation with Caco2 cells at an effector:target ratio 2:1. (d) Secretion of granzyme‐B by RCDII cell lines co‐incubated with enterocyte Caco2 cells in the presence of 50 μg/mL etrolizumab compared to the isotype control. Secretion was measured after 6 h of co‐incubation at an effector:target ratio 2:1. (e) Upper picture: RCDII cells attach to the organoid surface and cause membrane disruption (red arrow), inducing organoid cell death; lower picture: the attachment of RCDII cells to organoids and subsequent organoid cell death is decreased in the presence of 50 μg/mL etrolizumab antibody. (f) Induction of organoid cell death by RCDII cells P2 in the presence of 50 μg/mL etrolizumab or an isotype control, measured by cell count via microscopy. Killing was measured after 24 h of co‐incubation at an effector:target ratio 20:1. Figure , pictures 10× magnification, using an Olympus microscope. Cell experiments were done in triplicate. *** P ≤ 0.001, unpaired t ‐test, results shown as mean + sem.

Article Snippet: The intestinal epithelial cell line Caco2 was obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) and cultured with DMEM medium (BioWhittaker) containing 10% FBS (GE Healthcare Life Sciences) and 100 IU penicillin/100 μg/mL streptomycin (1% P/S) at 37°C.

Techniques: Expressing, Control, Incubation, Membrane, Disruption, Cell Characterization, Microscopy

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: MAIT cells derived ligands signal via VEGFR2 to promote tissue repair and liver regeneration

doi: 10.64898/2026.03.23.713159

Figure Lengend Snippet: Primary MAIT cells were sorted from PBMCs and left unstimulated or stimulated with anti-CD3/anti-CD28 and IL-12/IL-18 for 72 hours, after which supernatants were collected and stored at −80 °C. Caco-2 cells were seeded in 24-well plates with culture inserts, and upon formation of a confluent monolayer, inserts were removed to generate a wound. Supernatants from unstimulated MAIT cells, stimulated MAIT cells, or stimulated MAIT cells in the presence of a VEGFR-2–blocking antibody were added. Images were acquired at 0, 18, 20, and 24 hours to assess wound closure. (A) Representative images of Caco-2 cell monolayers before (0 h) and following treatment with MAIT cell–derived supernatants with and without anti-VEGFR2 antibody. Magnification is 10X. (B,C) Quantification of wound closure, expressed as the percentage of recovered area, after 24 hours (B) and over the indicated time course (C) for each experimental condition.

Article Snippet: Caco2 cells (Colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line, ATCC), HHL12 cells (immortalized hepatocytes), TMNK1 (LSEC-like cells) were cultered at a starting density of 2×10 6 cells in a T75 cell-culture flask, using GlutaMAX medium supplemented with 10% FBS, 1% MEM non-essential-amino acid solution (NEAA, GibcoTM), 1% PS, 1% L-glutamine (Thermo Fisher Scientific).

Techniques: Blocking Assay, Derivative Assay

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: MAIT cells derived ligands signal via VEGFR2 to promote tissue repair and liver regeneration

doi: 10.64898/2026.03.23.713159

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Representative images of Caco-2 cell monolayers at the time of scratch (0 h) and following treatment with MAIT cell–derived supernatants in the presence or absence of a VEGFR-2-blocking antibody. Magnification is 10X. (B,C) Quantification of wound closure, expressed as the percentage of recovered area, after 24 hours (B) and across the indicated time course (C) for each experimental condition. Data are representative of two independent experiments using cells from four donors each; each plate included two control wells. (D) Representative immunofluorescence images of Ki67⁺ liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs; TMNK1 cell line) cultured with or without MAIT cell line-derived supernatants, in the presence or absence of VEGFR-2- or vimentin-blocking antibodies. Images were acquired 24 hours after supernatant addition. Magnification is 10X. (E) Quantification of Ki67⁺ area in LSECs under the indicated conditions. Scale bar is 100μm.

Article Snippet: Caco2 cells (Colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line, ATCC), HHL12 cells (immortalized hepatocytes), TMNK1 (LSEC-like cells) were cultered at a starting density of 2×10 6 cells in a T75 cell-culture flask, using GlutaMAX medium supplemented with 10% FBS, 1% MEM non-essential-amino acid solution (NEAA, GibcoTM), 1% PS, 1% L-glutamine (Thermo Fisher Scientific).

Techniques: Derivative Assay, Blocking Assay, Control, Immunofluorescence, Cell Culture